What influential medieval philosopher and theologian, known for his work on reconciling faith and reason, developed the concept of the 'Five Ways' to prove God's existence?

What 17th-century English philosopher and physician is credited with developing the concept of the 'tabula rasa' or blank slate, arguing that the human mind is born without innate ideas?

Which influential Renaissance artist, besides painting the Mona Lisa, also meticulously studied human anatomy and designed flying machines centuries before powered flight?