Which trio of 9th-century Persian siblings, celebrated for their scientific ingenuity in Baghdad, authored "The Book of Ingenious Devices," which described over a hundred mechanical devices, including programmable automata and water clocks?

Which ancient Mesopotamian civilization, predating the Sumerians, is credited with developing one of the earliest known forms of cuneiform writing and advanced irrigation systems around the 5th millennium BCE?

Which ancient Mesopotamian city, renowned for its astronomical observatories and the Epic of Gilgamesh, was situated on the banks of the Euphrates River and served as a major cultural and economic hub for millennia?