Which ancient Mesopotamian legal code, predating Hammurabi's Code by centuries, is known for its extensive use of the 'lex talionis' principle and its focus on protecting the vulnerable?

What ancient Mesopotamian civilization, predating the Sumerians, is known for its sophisticated urban planning and early forms of writing on clay tablets?

During the 18th century, which European power established a secret intelligence network known as the 'Black Cabinet' to intercept and decipher diplomatic correspondence?